Classical Apologetics - Summary

There are more Classical Arguments out there, but here I have summarized the four most historically popular arguments in their contemporary versions.  The point of this post is to show how these arguments are meant to be used as a cumulative case in proving that God exists.  For instance, one of the most common objections to the classical arguments is that they do not prove enough. This objection usually sounds something like this: "The teleological argument only shows that there was a designer of the universe, not a creator, or an all-powerful being, or if this being is good or evil..."  The truth is that the teleological argument is only supposed to prove the existence of a designer.  However, the arguments are meant to be taken together as a cumulative case.  Think of a detective who gathers evidence to put together a bigger picture.  It is not enough for the detective to know that the murderer was left handed.  The detective needs to find out how tall the suspect is, his hair color, his weight, etc. With that in mind, let's take a look at the four arguments one more time:

Surveying the Evidence
The Cosmological Argument:
#1  Everything that begins to exists has a cause
#2  This universe began to exist
#3  Therefore, this universe has a cause

If successful this argument leaves you with a space-less, timeless, unimaginably powerful, personal being.

The Teleological Argument:
#1 Purpose and design in a system implies a designer
#2 The universe shows purpose and design
#3 Therefore, the universe has a designer

If successful this argument leaves you with a designer of the universe.  This designer would be incomprehensibly intelligent.

The Moral Argument:
#1 If God does not exist, then objective moral values do not exist

#2 Objective moral values do exist

#3 Therefore, God exists

If successful this argument provides you with a being who is perfectly good and the standard and source of morality. 

  

The Ontological Argument:

God is by definition the "greatest possible being."  As the greatest possible being, God is by definition a necessary being.  A necessary being is by definition a being that must exists if its existence is possible.

#1 If it is possible that God exists, then God exists

#2 It is possible that God exists

#3 Therefore, God exists

If successful this argument leaves you with the greatest possible being.  This greatest possible being would have every great-making property.

A Cumulative Case

I am not defending these arguments here, but the classical apologist would argue that these arguments are indeed successful.  You can see then that the classical apologist is not relying on one single argument to prove the existence of God.  Rather he is making a comprehensive case for a being that he calls God.  Each argument supplements the one before it so that at the end of his case the classical apologists will say that he has proven the existence of a space-less, timeless, unimaginably powerful, personal being who is the designer of the universe and is incomprehensibly intelligent, perfectly good, the standard and source of morality, and who possesses every great-making property.  

Identifying the Suspect
The existence of such a being would clearly disprove atheism, but that is not the only goal of classical apologetics.  These arguments are not only meant to prove that a god exists, but prove certain characteristics about him.  The question can then be asked, which god or religion does this describe? The classical apologist will say that the above description is incompatible with and therefore disproves Buddhism, Hinduism, Christian Science, Zoroastrianism, ancient Roman and Greek religions, Egyptian religions, and many others.   In fact there are only three world religions that are compatible with the above description of God: Judaism, Islam, and Christianity.  Now what is interesting is that all three of these religions agree on a common source of authority - the Old Testament.  Then the case can be made that the religion that is most consistent with the Old Testament is Christianity.

Final Thoughts

Notice the movement from the existence of God to Christianity.  This is a typical approach but there are a few other variations like arguing for the person of Jesus from fulfilled prophecy, or arguing for his resurrection historically, or arguing for the reliability of the New Testament from archeology.  I'll look at more of these arguments later when I examine Evidential Apologetics, but for now I am finished showing the method of Classical Apologetics.  In my next post I will do a little overview of the history of the method and discuss pro's and con's. PEACE